Origins of Linear Algebra.
### **The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (《九章算术》, Jiǔ Zhāng Suànshù)**
This is not a single-authored book but a compendium of mathematical knowledge assembled by generations of scholars, with its core content forming between the 3rd century BCE and the 1st century CE. It became the cornerstone of mathematical education in China for centuries and is considered one of the most influential mathematical texts in human history.
---
### Key Information about *The Nine Chapters*:
* **Origin:** It is a collective work, compiled and expanded upon by numerous anonymous scholars over the Han Dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE). The earliest layers likely date from the 3rd to 2nd century BCE, with the text being standardized with a famous commentary by **Liu Hui** in **263 CE**.
* **Structure:** As the name implies, it is divided into nine chapters, each dealing with a specific class of problems:
1. Field Measurement (方田)
2. Millet and Rice (粟米) - Exchange rates and proportions.
3. Proportional Distribution (衰分)
4. **Short Width (少广)** - Area and side relationships, extraction of roots.
5. **Consultations on Works (商功)** - Volumes of civil engineering projects (earthworks, canals).
6. **Fair Taxes (均输)** - More complex problems of proportion and distribution.
7. Excess and Deficit (盈不足) - The "method of double false position" for solving problems.
8. **Rectangular Arrays (方程)** - **This is the most crucial chapter for your question.**
9. Right Angles (勾股) - The Pythagorean theorem and related problems.
### Contents Related to Linear Algebra
The direct connection is found in **Chapter 8: Rectangular Arrays (方程, *Fāng Chéng*)**.
The term *Fāng Chéng* originally referred to a system of linear equations arranged on a counting board. Numbers were represented by counting rods (*算筹, suàn chóu*), which were small sticks placed in columns and rows to form a matrix-like array.
* **Solving Systems of Linear Equations:** This chapter provides the earliest known example in world history of a systematic method for solving **systems of *N* linear equations in *N* unknowns**. The method used is essentially **Gaussian Elimination**, performed over a millennium before Carl Friedrich Gauss.
* **The Method:** The coefficients (both positive and negative, as Chinese mathematics had a concept of negative numbers) were placed in a matrix on the counting board. The rules involved:
* **Multiplying a row** by a non-zero constant.
* **Subtracting one row from another** to eliminate variables step-by-step.
* This process, called "**elimination by subtraction**" in the text, continued until the matrix was in upper triangular form, allowing for back-substitution to find the solution.
* **Example:** The text contains concrete problems, such as:
> "There are three classes of grain: top, medium, and low. Three sheaves of top-grade, two of medium-grade, and one of low-grade yield 39 *dou* of grain. Two of top, three of medium, and one of low yield 34 *dou*. One of top, two of medium, and three of low yield 26 *dou*. How many *dou* does one sheaf of each class yield?"
This translates to the system:
3x + 2y + z = 39
2x + 3y + z = 34
x + 2y + 3z = 26
The text then describes the array method to solve it, finding the solution (x=9.25, y=4.25, z=2.75).
### Other Mathematical Concepts (Beyond Linear Algebra)
*The Nine Chapters* is a comprehensive work, also covering:
* **Geometry:** Calculations of areas and volumes for various shapes (including the correct formula for the volume of a pyramid).
* **Arithmetic:** Rules for fractions, proportions, and the calculation of square and cube roots.
* **The Pythagorean Theorem:** Covered in detail in Chapter 9.
* **Negative Numbers:** The text explicitly provides rules for arithmetic operations with negative numbers (e.g., "Like signs subtract, unlike signs add"), which was a revolutionary concept at the time.
### Legacy and Importance
* **Foundation of Chinese Math:** Along with *The Gnomon of the Zhou (周髀算经)*, it is one of the Two Great Chinese Mathematical Classics.
* **Liu Hui's Commentary:** The 3rd-century mathematician Liu Hui's detailed commentary is integral to the text. He provided proofs, justifications, and more rigorous explanations for the algorithms, elevating the work from a practical handbook to a theoretical masterpiece.
* **Influence:** Its methods and problems were studied and developed by mathematicians across East Asia for over a millennium.
In summary, while the ancient Chinese did not conceptualize "linear algebra" as a formal abstract field with vector spaces and matrices, **Chapter 8 of *The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art* contains the world's first documented, systematic, and general method for solving systems of linear equations—a core algorithmic procedure that is absolutely fundamental to the modern discipline of linear algebra.**